Modern civil law techniques essentially derive from legal codes issued by Byzantine Emperor Justinian I in the 6th century, which were rediscovered by 11th century Italy. Roman law in the days of the Roman Republic and Empire was heavily procedural, and lacked knowledgeable authorized class. Decisions were not printed in any systematic means, so any case law that developed was disguised and nearly unrecognised. Each case was to be determined afresh from the laws of the State, which mirrors the unimportance of judges’ choices for future circumstances in civil law techniques today. From 529 to 534 AD the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I codified and consolidated Roman law up until that point, in order that what remained was one-twentieth of the mass of legal texts from before.

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